A small wild cat residing in Bolivia’s cloud forest has been recognized as a newly discovered species, marking the first formal naming of a living cat species in over a century. Known locally as Tilcayo, this cat belongs to the tiger cat group found extensively in South America. The discovery took place in Bolivia’s Yungas forest, characterized by mountainous terrain with cloud-covered forests and high humidity. Researchers determined it to be a new species through genetic analysis and named it Leopardus tilcayo, retaining its indigenous name.
Measuring approximately 46 centimeters in length and weighing around three pounds, the Tilcayo cat is smaller than the average domestic cat. Its fur is light brown with irregular rosettes spread across its body. Initial observations suggest that small rodents might be part of its diet, and camera-trap evidence hints at its nocturnal activity patterns.
Tiger cats, like the Tilcayo, are considered cryptic species that cannot be easily distinguished based on appearance alone. Previously believed to be a single species, genetic studies have now revealed that there are five genetically distinct tiger cat species. The research team also identified a new tiger cat subspecies in Peru’s Yungas, naming it Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo after the region it inhabits in the old Inca Empire.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s red list currently categorizes tiger cats as two “vulnerable” species with declining populations. The researchers have informed the IUCN of their findings, which may lead to a separate assessment of the five tiger cat lineages. This could result in a more accurate evaluation of the risks faced by individual species like the Tilcayo, potentially leading to their classification as endangered.
The Yungas region, where the Tilcayo was discovered, is under significant threat from deforestation, agricultural expansion, human-induced fires, and mining activities. Urgent conservation efforts are needed to restore damaged forest areas, protect remaining native habitats, and maintain ecological connections. The researchers emphasize the importance of highlighting the discovery of new species to raise awareness about the ongoing loss of biodiversity worldwide.